This could just as easily be someone at the top saying "find a legitimate sounding reason to refuse this because we want to refuse it anyways". They will always give such a reason, that doesn't mean it's the real reason.
It's best to take the official statement at face value rather than assuming what's not said. If you take it to mean something that was not said, that's on you.
And if two official statements from two different organization differ, what do you do? And if, of the two, the government is known to be a bad faith actor, how does that affect your answer? Organizations lie, that is a simple fact of life. You can either deal with it or bury your head in the sand.
What are the two differing statements? The primary statement to the applicant by the FDA is what matters. Everything else is irrelevant political commentary.
> This nets us another original pixel value, img(8).
This makes it all seem really too pat. In fact, this probably doesn't get us the original pixel value, because of quantizing deleting information when the blur was applied, which can never be recovered afterwards. We can at best get an approximation of the original value, which is rather obvious given that we can vaguely make out figures in a blurred image already.
> Nevertheless, even with a large averaging window, fine detail — including individual strands of hair — could be recovered and is easy to discern.
The reason for this is that he's demonstrating a box blur. A box blur is roughly equivalent to taking the frequency transform of the image, then multiplying it by a sort of decaying sin wave. This achieves a "blur" in that the lowest frequency is multiplied by 1 and hence is retained, and higher frequencies are attenuated. However, visually we can see that a box blur doesn't look very good, and importantly it doesn't necessarily attenuate the very highest frequencies by much more than far lower frequencies. Hence it isn't surprising that the highest frequencies can be recovered in good fidelity. Compare a gaussian blur, which is usually considered to look better, and whose frequency transform focuses all the attenuation at the highest frequencies. You would be far less able to recover individual strands of hair in an image that was gaussian blurred.
> Remarkably, the information “hidden” in the blurred images survives being saved in a lossy image format.
Remarkable, maybe, but unsurprising if you understand that jpeg operates on basically the same frequency logic as described above. Specifically, it will be further attenuating and quantizing the highest frequencies of the image. Since the box blur has barely attenuated them already, this doesn't affect our ability to recover the image.
As I explain, you can't perfectly reverse these filters because of quantizing. The more the signal is attenuated, the more information is lost when quantizing. So yes, it does matter what your kernel is.
That's not the only way to protect yourself from accusations of copyright infringement. I remember reading that the GNU utils were designed to be as performant as possible in order to force themselves to structure the code differently from the unix originals.
click fraud consists of the person who runs a website themselves clicking, running bots to click, paying someone else to click, etc ads on their own website. it becomes fraud first because they have contractually agreed not to do that, and second because they are materially benefiting from it. an unaligned third party clicking (etc) on ads has neither of those conditions being true, and hence isn't fraud or otherwise illegal.
If you intentionally loop-download large files or fake requests on websites that you don't like, in order to create big CDN charges for them, then what ?
Without reaching the threshold of Denial of Service, just sneakily growing it.
Nobody benefits, except for the weird idea of the pleasure of harming people, still illegal.
> The opinion states: “click fraud” can occur when “either a (natural) person, automated script, or computer program, sometimes referred to as a `bot,’ simulates the click activity of a legitimate user by clicking on the Program Data displayed, but without having an actual interest in its subject matter or content.”
Many reactors can be updated to last longer than their initial design lifetime. This is usually far cheaper than building a new reactor. I expect that if the political environment in germany was more conducive to nuclear, that is what they would have done.
The only way to protect against that is if a secure application boundary is enforced by the operating system. You can make it harder for other programs to uncover secrets by encrypting them, but any other application can reverse the encryption. I don't believe using the tpm meaningfully changes that situation.
I believe certain european countries have or had free universities which instead filter students with incredibly difficult courses. Thousands might enter because both tuition and board are free and they would like a degree, but the university ensures that only a small group make it to second year. I believe the filtering is less intense in later years, since the job has already been done by that point.
Unless you're thinking of huge online courses like Udacity/Coursera, I don't think that's really a thing?
If it is, I'd be fascinated to learn more.
I mean, the logistics would be pretty wild - even a large university's largest lecture theatres might only have 500 seats. And they'd only have one or two that large. It'd be expensive as hell to build a university that could handle multiple subjects each admitting over a thousand students.
At least in Belgium it's quite common for a lot of students to fail the first year (partly due to the difficulty, partly due to partying instead of studying). But it's not like it's really free, the tuition is cheap but the accomodation is expensive. I also don't think it's particularly difficult on purpose to filter out students, it's just that it's not overly expensive and a lot of people are unsure about what to study.
Insider trading consists of an individual who is an insider to a company that is publicly traded, trading stock in that company on information they obtained as an insider.
> When Warren Buffett decides that he wants to buy stock in a company, he knows that if this became public, the target company's stock would go up.
Warren Buffett is not a publicly traded company, and in this hypothetical he is buying stock in another company, which (by assumption) he has no insider information about.
> Insider trading law in the US is about breaching fiduciary duty.
This is false. It's about protecting traders. This is why it applies specifically to publicly traded companies. If it was about protecting shareholders (from what?) then it would apply to all companies.
> Insider trading consists of an individual who is an insider to a company that is publicly traded, trading stock in that company on information they obtained as an insider.
No, that's not true in US law. It doesn't have to be the stock of the company you work for to get you into insider trading trouble.
> Warren Buffett is not a publicly traded company, and in this hypothetical he is buying stock in another company, which (by assumption) he has no insider information about.
Well, that's why your definition is wrong.
> If it was about protecting shareholders (from what?) then it would apply to all companies.
Huh, what? You don't have a fiduciary duty to people you don't work for.
> The rationale for this prohibition of insider trading differs between countries and regions. Some view it as unfair to other investors in the market who do not have access to the information, as the investor with inside information can potentially make larger profits than an investor without such information.[2] However, insider trading is also prohibited to prevent the directors of a company (the insiders) from abusing a company's confidential information for the directors' personal gain.
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