Which cost me a fortune once when I plugged my phone into laptop to charge (before free global roaming). Dropbox had been blocked for a week, suddenly a flurry of sms arrived (out of order). I’d spent £250 in 3 minutes.
I feel for you. Why would you allow laptop traffic to be routed through the phone though? At least in iOS plugging the phone for charging or backup does not automatically tether.
my personal pet theory is that china could in principle block whatever they wanted, but, decide instead to block only sometimes and with some random noise thrown in, if only to impose a tax or cost on trying to connect out but to have some plausible deniability on not having it be impossible while still retaining the option of turning the dial to 11 if/when need be.